Modern warfare often spills over into cities and rural areas populated by civilians. Sometimes the population has been evacuated and other times civilians are still living in cities during conflicts. Urban combat is very different from open field combat on tactical and operational levels. The fierce urban battles in Aleppo and Mosul, Hue (1968), Algiers (1956-1957), Beirut (1975-1990), Sarajevo (1992-1996), Falluja (2004), Syria, Donbas, etc have a common effect: they suppose a systematic destruction of the cities and show an environment that repeats itself.
